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- @088 CHAP 8
-
- ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ STOCK OPTION AND OTHER EQUITY INCENTIVE PLANS │
- └───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- STOCK OPTION PLANS. Companies have devised, or Congress has
- provided, a number of different stock option plans with var-
- ious tax advantages, all of which are designed to encourage
- employees to acquire a proprietary stake in the companies
- they work for.
-
- @IF120xx]PLANNING NOTE: The stock option plans discussed below are
- @IF120xx]applicable only in the case of corporations, generally. Thus
- @IF120xx]these forms of compensation will not be relevant at present
- @IF120xx]to @NAME, a @ENTITY.
- @IF120xx]
- @IF121xx]PLANNING NOTE: The stock option option plans discussed be-
- @IF121xx]low can only be set up by a corporate entity, such as your
- @IF121xx]firm, @NAME.
- @IF121xx]
- Major types of stock option plans include the following:
-
- . Non-qualified stock options. The employer usually
- grants favored employees options to acquire stock
- of the company at a bargain price during a period
- of several years, generally. The grant of such an
- option is usually not a taxable event, although
- the excess of the value of the stock received when
- the option is eventually exercised, over the option
- price, is then taxed as ordinary compensation income
- (in most cases, unless the stock is restricted or
- forfeitable).
-
- . Incentive Stock Options (ISOs). These are options
- granted under a plan that meets IRS requirements,
- where the term of the option is limited and the op-
- tion price is not less than the value of the stock
- at the day the option is granted. That is, with an
- ISO, there is no "bargain element" built into the
- option. If the stock is worth, say, $20 a share
- the day the option is granted to the employee, the
- option must be at an exercise price of no less than
- $20. Thus, the employee will not stand to profit
- from exercising the option unless the value of the
- stock subsequently rises to above $20 a share --
- which is a good incentive for the employee to help
- make the company as profitable as possible, so its
- stock goes up! If certain requirements are met,
- the employee does not recognize taxable income when
- he or she exercises an ISO, and may qualify for
- subsequent capital gains treatment if the stock
- received from exercise of the option is sold at a
- gain. (I.R.C. Sec. 422)
-
- . EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLANS. Under a tax-qualified
- Employee Stock Purchase Plan, a company may allow em-
- ployees to purchase its stock, directly from the com-
- pany, for up to a 15% discount from the fair market
- value of the stock. The employee is not taxed when
- exercising the right to purchase stock under such a
- plan, and may receive capital gain treatment when the
- stock is eventually sold at a gain. (I.R.C. Sec. 423)
-
-
- OTHER EQUITY INCENTIVE PLANS. Over the years, benefit con-
- sultants have developed all kinds of non-qualified benefit
- plans, which create employee incentives similar to owning
- stock in the company. While many of these fringe benefits
- have no special tax advantages, we mention them here as an
- illustration of compensation approaches you may want to con-
- sider if you are an owner or officer in a corporation.
-
- Examples include:
-
- . "SARs," or Stock Appreciation Rights, which are granted
- to key employees, and which result in a cash payment at
- some future date, based on the appreciation (if any) in
- the value of X number of shares of the company's stock
- over that period.
-
- . "Phantom stock" is a similar benefit, where the company
- grants key employees "phantom" shares in the company,
- and later may pay the employee an amount to "buy back"
- the phantom shares, resulting in potentially large re-
- wards to the employee if the stock appreciates signifi-
- cantly in value. While they "own" the phantom stock,
- employees are also often given the right to receive any
- dividends that they would have received if they held
- the actual stock, as well.
-
- . "ESOPs," or Employee Stock Ownership Plans, are a form
- of retirement program where the retirement plan invests
- its assets primarily in stock of the employer company.
- This type of plan is given a whole range of extremely
- generous tax benefits by the tax laws to encourage em-
- ployers to establish them for employees.
-
-
-